The crucial difference that struck Walter Dandy was the possibility of distinguishing flesh and air on an x-ray.
Knowing that the brain is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which also fills internal spaces called the ventricles, he decided to simply replace the fluid with air and x-ray the patient.
He published his first results in 1918. He described how he drilled a hole in the skull of a patient and carefully removed the CSF from the ventricles and replaced it with air.
The following year he published another study where he deliberately filled this space with air as well, so the surface of the brain was surrounded by the gas and so could show up on an x-ray.
Neuroimaging, before the invention of television
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